Spondylolisthesis is a spine condition in which one vertebra slips forward over the vertebra below it. It most often happens in the lower back, called the lumbar spine, and it can press on nearby nerves, leading to lower back pain and leg pain.

There are several types of spondylolisthesis based on the cause of the condition:

  • Degenerative Spondylolisthesis - This is the most common type of Spondylolisthesis, generally caused by aging and the natural wear and tear of the discs and joints over time, most often occurring in adults over 50.
  • Isthmic Spondylolisthesis is caused by a small stress fracture in a piece of bone called the pars interarticularis. It frequently affects young athletes.
  • Congenital Spondylolisthesis is caused by a structural defect in the vertebrae from birth, which causes the bone to more easily slip out of place.
  • Traumatic Spondylolisthesis results from a sudden, or acute, injury that breaks the spinal architecture.
  • Pathologic Spondylolisthesis is caused by diseases that weaken bone, such as tumors or osteoporosis.

Common Symptoms

Spondylolisthesis can feel different from person to person. Some people have no symptoms at all, while others notice pain and discomfort that can affect daily life.

Common symptoms may include:

  • A steady, aching pain in the lower back
  • Muscle tightness or spasms in the hamstrings, which are the muscles in the back of the thighs
  • Pain, numbness, or a pins-and-needles feeling that travels from the buttocks down the legs, often called sciatica
  • Stiffness or trouble standing and walking for long periods

If these symptoms sound familiar, our team is here to help you find answers and relief.


Treatment Options

If you are dealing with back pain, leg pain, numbness, or weakness, treatment usually starts with non-surgical care. The goal is to ease pain, reduce pressure on the nerves, and help you move more comfortably.

Non-Surgical Care

Many people improve with conservative treatment, which may include:
Rest and activity changes to avoid movements that make symptoms worse
Physical therapy to strengthen the core and hamstrings and support the spine
Over-the-counter anti-inflammatory medicines, such as NSAIDs, to help with pain and swelling
Targeted corticosteroid injections to calm nerve inflammation and relieve pain

Surgical Options

Surgery may be recommended if the slippage is severe, symptoms do not improve, or nerve pain keeps getting worse. This is more common when there is significant slippage or ongoing numbness, weakness, or pain that affects daily life.

The most common surgery is spinal fusion, which helps stabilize the vertebrae by joining them together. In some mild to moderate degenerative cases, a motion-preserving device such as the TOPS system may be considered instead. If your symptoms are getting in the way of work, sleep, or daily activities, our spine team can help you find the right next step.